Neo-Ottomanism is nothing more than referring to the Ottoman heritage, emphasizing the achievements of the Ottoman Empire and the sultans, while Modern Turkey assumes the existence of a Turkish sphere of influence and the expansion of various activities in it. This is a significant difference compared to the times when the republic strictly followed the path marked out by Mustafa Kemal – says Karolina Olszowska PhD, a historian and turkologist from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.