{"id":13501,"date":"2024-08-13T17:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-08-13T15:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/?p=13501"},"modified":"2024-08-14T08:09:12","modified_gmt":"2024-08-14T06:09:12","slug":"leftover-women-stigmatized-stigmatized-by-the-chinese-state","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/leftover-women-stigmatized-stigmatized-by-the-chinese-state\/","title":{"rendered":"Chinese People Used to Shun Their Daughters. Today, They Are Invaluable"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Three Generations Without Siblings<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1979, alarmed by the specter of overpopulation, the Chinese government implemented the infamous one-child policy. With few exceptions for rural families and ethnic minorities, couples were restricted to a single offspring. This policy led to the dehumanization of women on an unprecedented scale \u2013 forced contraception, abortions, and sterilizations became commonplace. When the sole child was a girl (traditionally less desirable than a boy who would carry on the family line), <strong>infanticide, abandonment, or trafficking often followed<\/strong>. Through abortions and killings, China lost an estimated 30 million female citizens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The policy was gradually relaxed: in 2015, all married couples were allowed two children; by May 2021, three; and just two months later, all restrictions were lifted. However, decades of the one-child rule have left China grappling with low fertility rates, an <a href=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/between-youth-and-old-age-the-way-we-manage-the-aging-process-affects-our-quality-of-life\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">aging<\/a> population, and a severely distorted sex ratio. Today, rather than discouraging procreation, the government is desperately trying to boost birth rates. But generations of only children, raised in a world without siblings, show little interest in rebuilding the nation\u2019s population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Better to Raise Geese than Daughters<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As Roseann Lake notes in her book <em>Leftover in China: The Women Shaping the World\u2019s Next Superpower,<\/em> the gender disparity was particularly pronounced in rural areas during the policy\u2019s enforcement. There, having a male heir was crucial \u2013 not only for farm labor but also to \u201cbring home\u201d a wife who would care for his aging parents. An old Chinese proverb captures this sentiment: it is more profitable to raise geese than daughters. Since newlyweds traditionally live with the husband\u2019s family, raising a daughter is akin to \u201ctilling someone else\u2019s field.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More girls were born in large urban centers, where parents held more progressive views. As only children, these daughters were raised with privileges historically reserved for boys. Families invested heavily in their education, sending them to extra classes and even abroad. Christy Yang, interviewed by Lake, admits that despite its many evils, \u201cChina\u2019s one-child policy had an unexpected outcome. It forced parents to value their daughters.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/leftover-women-2.jpg\" alt=\"leftover women, young asian woman.\" class=\"wp-image-13530\" srcset=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/leftover-women-2.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/leftover-women-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/leftover-women-2-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Photo: Elena Jiang \/ Unsplash<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Leftover Women Refuse to Marry Down<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite China\u2019s surplus of at least 30 million adult men, most eligible bachelors inhabit a world utterly foreign to urban Chinese women. The nation\u2019s matrimonial market is bifurcated into two parallel realities: the countryside, where young men fruitlessly seek brides capable of rural life and farm work, and the metropolises, where women vie for the few men meeting their exacting standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lake observes that in the West, most women now marry men with less education than themselves. This trend bypasses China. Young Chinese women \u2013 financially independent, well-educated, and rich in life and work experience \u2013 refuse to \u201cmarry down.\u201d Accustomed to being the apple of their parents\u2019 eye, they expect similar treatment from a husband. Financially self-sufficient, many prefer to wait indefinitely for an ideal partner, risking spinsterhood rather than compromising. Bachelors wait in the countryside, but women are loath to relinquish urban lifestyles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>We recommend:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/misconceptions-about-large-families-time-to-dispel-them\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/misconceptions-about-large-families-time-to-dispel-them\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-holistic-news wp-block-embed-holistic-news\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"xFZuVjPoDC\"><a href=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/misconceptions-about-large-families-time-to-dispel-them\/\">Not Just Welfare Kings and Queens: Large Families in the World of Stereotypes<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Not Just Welfare Kings and Queens: Large Families in the World of Stereotypes&#8221; &#8212; Holistic News\" src=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/misconceptions-about-large-families-time-to-dispel-them\/embed\/#?secret=JjMaZL9oiQ#?secret=xFZuVjPoDC\" data-secret=\"xFZuVjPoDC\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Buy a Wife or Kidnap One<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In rural areas, entire families pool resources to buy a young man a house (three stories necessarily, even if the top floor remains empty and unfurnished) to enhance his marital prospects. If necessary, they will chip in for a bride too. Farmers who have squirreled away $10,000\u2013$20,000 can import a wife from Myanmar, Pakistan, Vietnam, or Indonesia. It is a simple matter of finding a broker and paying the bride\u2019s father. Women arrive on visas that prohibit employment and require annual renewal, leaving them entirely dependent on their Chinese husbands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Such marriages of convenience carry significant risks of abuse. Women are often treated more as unpaid domestic help and breeding machines than as life partners. Many flee, despite the legal complications. Moreover, desperate and penniless men may resort to kidnapping urban women and spiriting them to the countryside. It is also an open secret that most North Korean defectors are women sold into Chinese marriages. Uyghur women, too, are forced into unions with Chinese men, often as an alternative to labor camp internment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Arranged Marriages in the Park<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In every major Chinese city, one can find parks that transform on weekends into bustling matrimonial marketplaces. Middle-aged parents, on a mission of filial importance, circulate with an air of urgency. They come armed with posters or photo albums showcasing their adult offspring\u2019s credentials: education, profession, personality, and \u2013 crucially \u2013 age. For women, academic achievements, career success, or worldly experiences pale in comparison to the paramount virtues of beauty and youth. The magic number? No older than 26.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chinese <a href=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/back-to-basics-why-we-need-second-wave-feminism-today\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">feminists<\/a>, however, scoff at the notion that their \u201csell-by date\u201d expires at 27. They proudly embrace the <em>sh\u00e8ngn\u01da <\/em>label. Beyond financial independence and marital freedom, Chinese feminism tackles issues of sexual harassment, domestic violence, and workplace inequality. In <em>Betraying Big Brother: The Feminist Awakening in China,<\/em> Leta Hong Fincher details the persecution of activists and the state\u2019s censorship of feminist movements \u2013 from deleting #metoo posts to shuttering feminist social media groups. Rather than supporting women\u2019s emancipation, the government orchestrates campaigns to nudge these \u201cleftover women\u201d towards motherhood for national glory. Hong Fincher marvels that, despite the oppressive state apparatus, feminism in China persists \u2013 a minor miracle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>We recommend:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/from-boardrooms-to-baking-bread-the-rise-of-the-trad-wife\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">From Boardrooms to Baking Bread: The Rise of the Trad Wife<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-holistic-news wp-block-embed-holistic-news\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"DGVxQYqGH4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/from-boardrooms-to-baking-bread-the-rise-of-the-trad-wife\/\">From Boardrooms to Baking Bread: The Rise of the Trad Wife<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;From Boardrooms to Baking Bread: The Rise of the Trad Wife&#8221; &#8212; Holistic News\" src=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/from-boardrooms-to-baking-bread-the-rise-of-the-trad-wife\/embed\/#?secret=sGDmLgAT0v#?secret=DGVxQYqGH4\" data-secret=\"DGVxQYqGH4\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Leftover Women, Flower Vases<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite their scarcity, young women in China find themselves at a disadvantage in the marriage market. To appeal to men, they are expected to shrink themselves \u2013 becoming quieter and more domesticated, like <em>hu\u0101 p\u00edng<\/em> (flower vases), or plain yogurt, waiting for a man to add his preferred toppings. Men expect to be the \u201cdominant\u201d partner, maintaining decision-making authority in relationships. Roseann Lake argues that, beyond patriarchy, Confucian values shape Chinese marital dynamics. The closest familial bonds are between father and son, and between brothers. \u201cAny man who deviated from the norm and appeared openly affectionate with his wife was seen as someone of weak character,\u201d Lake writes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Decades of the one-child policy not only created a massive gender imbalance but also produced three generations for whom being an only child is the norm \u2013 a new cultural paradigm. Unfortunately, fertility rates cannot be decreed, and government campaigns attempting to portray women as incomplete without a man by their side are falling flat. China\u2019s only daughters have discovered their feminine power and will not be easily corralled back to the kitchen. Is China on the brink of a new cultural revolution?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Translation: Klaudia Tarasiewicz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Polish version:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/kobiety-resztki-pietnowane-chinki-nie-dzadza-zagonic-sie-do-kuchni\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nie\u00a0chcieli mie\u0107 c\u00f3rek, dzisiaj s\u0105\u00a0bezcenne. Co\u00a0si\u0119 dzieje w\u00a0pa\u0144stwie \u015brodka?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-holistic-news wp-block-embed-holistic-news\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"3XD4Ogxc12\"><a href=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/kobiety-resztki-pietnowane-chinki-nie-dzadza-zagonic-sie-do-kuchni\/\">Nie chcieli mie\u0107 c\u00f3rek, dzisiaj s\u0105 bezcenne. Co si\u0119 dzieje w pa\u0144stwie \u015brodka?<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8222;Nie chcieli mie\u0107 c\u00f3rek, dzisiaj s\u0105 bezcenne. Co si\u0119 dzieje w pa\u0144stwie \u015brodka?&#8221; &#8212; Holistic News\" src=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/kobiety-resztki-pietnowane-chinki-nie-dzadza-zagonic-sie-do-kuchni\/embed\/#?secret=4vlQqMnuft#?secret=3XD4Ogxc12\" data-secret=\"3XD4Ogxc12\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>China faces a stark gender imbalance \u2013 a legacy of its one-child policy that has skewed the nation\u2019s demographics. In response to this crisis, Beijing is orchestrating a curious rebranding effort. Rather than encouraging young women \u2013 now in short supply \u2013 to marry, it shames them with the label \u2018sh\u00e8ngn\u01da\u2019 (leftover women). Chinese feminists, however, are definitely reclaiming the term.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":142,"featured_media":13528,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[434],"tags":[512,767,1136,1137,1138,910],"class_list":["post-13501","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-humanism","tag-geopolitics","tag-china","tag-marriage","tag-one-child-policy","tag-population","tag-women"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Leftover Women: Stigmatized by the Chinese State<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Leftover Women. That&#039;s how the Chinese government describes young unmarried women, but Chinese feminists proudly reclaim the label.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/leftover-women-stigmatized-stigmatized-by-the-chinese-state\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Leftover Women: Stigmatized by the Chinese State\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Leftover Women. That&#039;s how the Chinese government describes young unmarried women, but Chinese feminists proudly reclaim the label.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/leftover-women-stigmatized-stigmatized-by-the-chinese-state\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Holistic News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/portalHolisticNews\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-08-13T15:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-08-14T06:09:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/leftover-women.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"788\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Ma\u0142gorzata Sidz\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@news_holistic\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@news_holistic\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Ma\u0142gorzata Sidz\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/holistic.news\\\/en\\\/leftover-women-stigmatized-stigmatized-by-the-chinese-state\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/holistic.news\\\/en\\\/leftover-women-stigmatized-stigmatized-by-the-chinese-state\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Ma\u0142gorzata Sidz\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/holistic.news\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7198274a490c93cbc2bf5d46e9e84397\"},\"headline\":\"Chinese People Used to Shun Their Daughters. 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That's how the Chinese government describes young unmarried women, but Chinese feminists proudly reclaim the label.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/holistic.news\/en\/leftover-women-stigmatized-stigmatized-by-the-chinese-state\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Leftover Women: Stigmatized by the Chinese State","og_description":"Leftover Women. 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