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07 November 2024
The Polish dictionary defines respect as an ‘attitude toward people or things considered valuable and worthy of recognition.’ Yet, how do we determine who or what deserves such respect and who or what does not? Is there a set standard? Which criteria should we employ in order to distinguish and prioritize what is ‘worthy’? And, perhaps more importantly, can the term ‘respect’ be applied equally to people and inanimate objects?
Understanding Respect
Immanuel Kant (1724‒1804), the founder of modern idealism, stated that ‘humanity in one’s own person is the object of the respect that can be demanded from every human being.’ Kant made it clear that one can talk about respect only in regard to human beings. The sight of majestic Alpine peaks or the tranquility of the boundless sea at sunset can inspire our admiration and awe, and even fill our hearts with a sense of honor in recognition of such natural grandeur. However, according to Kant, the concept of respect should be reserved solely for humans. Not everyone shares this view. Sometimes people say that we must respect the mountains before attempting to climb them. But perhaps it would be more fitting to talk in this context about the recognition of their grandeur or reverence, rather than using the term ‘respect’? We can recognize the forces of nature, authority, or even political adversaries, but we do not have to necessarily respect or value them. Kant contends that the recognition of natural – or political – might arises from fear, while respect stems from freedom. The foundation of the respect we have for others lies not only in the recognition but also in admiration of their specific moral values. We respect others not due to their titles, wealth, or positions, but for their attitudes and actions, which are shaped by their underlying values.
A Formula for Humanity?
In light of this, how should we interpret Kant’s prohibition against treating others instrumentally? The intuitive understanding seems clear to most: do not objectify others. In day-to-day life, this implies that our mutual relations should not be founded on utility, usefulness, or what benefits one might derive from another. Yet, it is worth asking ourselves honestly: how often is the sympathy I show others driven by self-interest? How often do I remember someone and offer kindness or politeness only because I expect to gain something tangible and quantifiable in return?
Recognizing human nature, Kant articulated his so-called categorical imperative, a specific maxim designed to guard against treating others as mere instruments. This maxim, a universal principle applicable to everyone in every situation, is as follows:
‘Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always at the same time as an end, and never merely as a means to an end.’
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In this single sentence, Kant captures the essence of his ethics: always treat others as ends in themselves, not as means to achieve other goals. This insight is invaluable for modern people, who often forget that the inherent value of another person lies in their humanity, representing a set of attributes and values. It is not academic titles, professional positions, or roles that define our humanity. Each person, irrespective of their roles, tasks, or professions, holds intrinsic value and deserves respect. In practical terms, this means that we should never treat anyone as an object or use them to achieve our personal aims. Another person should not be a tool used for fulfilling our ambitions. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), writing before Kant but in the same spirit, observed that even those ‘with the greatest earthly goods, enjoying the best health, and substantial benefits are left unsatisfied if they lack the respect of others.’
Being Selfless Is Worth It
A pivotal concept emphasized by Kant in his Imperative is the virtue of selflessness. forming the bedrock of truly moral actions. Goodness, beauty, and truth are rooted in selfless acts. One should perform good deeds, show sympathy, speak the truth, and create beautiful moments, without seeking personal gain in them. For Kant, this is the essence of human goodwill. Our humanity is realized only when we act for the sake of good itself, not for any rewards it may bring. The Roman orator Seneca (4 BC-65 AD) also encouraged such an attitude, writing: ‘true virtue lies precisely in bestowing selfless benefits, for which a magnanimous person receives the reward at the very moment they bestow them.’ Kant’s call for unconditional respect towards all can be challenging, yet it offers an opportunity for the modern individual. Reflecting on this principle compels us to consider our daily interactions with others. We are all familiar with the popular iteration of Kant’s imperative: ‘Treat others as you would like to be treated.’ It is enough to live in accordance with this rule.
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